by Race Foster, DVM and Marty Smith, DVM
Drs. Foster & Smith, Inc.

Frostbite is a term used to describe the damage to tissues due to an exposure to severely cold temperatures. Healthy animals can withstand sub-zero temperatures if they are dry and out of the wind. Frostbite is more likely to occur if an animal has no shelter, or is injured. Frostbite can occur in both dogs and cats, in fact, we generally see it more often in cats. The parts of the body most likely to be frozen are the ears, and sometimes the tail and feet.

What are the symptoms?

Initially, areas damaged by frostbite appear normal. Within 48 hours, though, the damaged tissue will swell and become painful. Within 7 days, due to interruption of the blood flow and nerve supply, the affected tissue dries up and turns black, eventually falling off twenty to thirty days later.

What are the risks?

Frostbite can be minor or severe. Minor cases involve only ear tips, whereas more extensive freezing causes the loss of the tail and appendages (toes and limbs). Death may result if the limbs are involved. Dying tissue attracts bacteria, and severe, life-threatening infections can result.

What is the treatment?

If frostbite is suspected, it is best to immediately, but slowly warm the animal. Warm (102-104° F) compresses often work well. Do not place the animal in hot water or other areas of extreme temperatures. Do NOT rub the area. In the meantime, contact your veterinarian. The amount of tissue damage will need to be assessed over a several day period. Dead tissue must be removed. Pain relief medication and antibiotics are usually prescribed.

© 2000 Drs. Foster and Smith, Inc.
Reprinted as a courtesy and with permission from PetEducation.com (http://www.PetEducation.com)
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